Chemostratigraphy Applied to Codó Formation Using UN-24-PI and UN-37-PI Boreholes (Aptian/Albian Parnaiba Basin)
Keywords:
Parnaiba Basin, Aptian, chemostratigraphy, Codó FormationAbstract
The sedimentary record of the Brazilian Cre-taceous reflects an evolutionary period of great importance to the tectonic evolution of the South American platform. The Codó Formation (Aptian / Albian of the Parnaíba Basin) records thick shales packages, and other evaporitic, carbonate and siliciclastic facies. These shales were analyzed using geochemical methods (total organic carbon, pyrolysis Rock-Eval and biomarkers) and carbon stable isotopes of organic matter, to help the characterization of the depositional environment of this unit, as well as to contribute to the understanding of the paleogeographic evolution of the Brazilian Cretaceous period. The presence of marine geochemical indicators, coupled with facies arrangement and evidence of hypersalinity, led to the interpretation of a gulf model as a possible depositional setting of this unit, informally called in this study the “Codó Gulf”.
References
ALBRECHT, P.; VANDENBROUCKE, M.; MANDENGUE, M. Geochemical studies on the organic matter from the Douala Basin (Cameroon). I. Evolution of the extrable organic matter and the formation of petroleum. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, New York, v. 40, n. 7, p. 791-799, 1976.
ALMEIDA, F. F. M.; BRITO NEVES, B. B.; CARNEI-RO, C. D. R. The origin and evolution of the South American Platform. Earth-Science Rewiews, Amsterdam, v. 50, n. 1-2, p. 770-111, May 2000.
ANTONIOLI, L. Estudo Palinocronoestratigráfico da Formação Codó-Cretáceo Inferior do Nordeste Brasileiro. 2001. 265 f. Tese (Doutorado)– Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
ANTONIOLI, L.; ARAI, M. O registro da Ecozona Subtilisphaera na Formação Codó (Cretáceo Inferior da Bacia do Parnaíba, Nordeste do Brasil): seu significado paleogeográfico. In: SIMPÓSIO SOBRE O CRETÁCEO DO BRASIL, 6., 2002, São Pedro. Boletim... [S.l.: s.n.], 2002. p. 25-30.
ARAI, M. Paleogeografia do Atlântico Sul no Aptiano: um novo modelo a partir de dados micropaleontológicos recentes. Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 2, p. 331-351, maio/nov. 2009.
ARAI, M. Aptian/Albian (Early Cretaceous) paleo-geography of the South Atlantic: a paleontological perspective. Brazilian Journal of Geology, São Paulo, v. 44, n. 2, p. 339-350, 2014.
AZEVEDO, S. M. L. Caracterização organocomposicional e maturação térmica de uma seção sedimentar da Formação Codó, Bacia do Parnaíba, Brasil. 2013. 39 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Geologia) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2013.
BAHNIUK, A. M.; ANJOS, S.; FRANÇA, A. B.; MAT-SUDA, N.; EILER, J.; MCKENZIE, J. A.; VASCONCE-LOS, C. Development of microbial carbonates in the Lower Cretaceous Codó Formation (north‐east Brazil): implications for interpretation of microbialite facies associations and palaeoenvironmental conditions. Sedimentology, Gent, v. 62, n. 1, p. 155-181, 2015.
DEAN, W. E.; ARTHUR, M. A.; CLAYPOOL, G. E. Depletion of 13 C in Cretaceous marine organic matter: Source, diagenetic, or environmental signal? Marine Geology, Amsterdam, v. 70, n. 1, p. 119-157, 1986.
ESPITALIÉ, J.; LAPORTE, J. L.; MADEC, M.; MAR-QUIS, F.; LEPLAT, P.; PAULET, J. Méthode rapide de caractérization des roches mètres, de leur potentiel pétrolier et de leur degré d'évolution. Revue d’ IFP Energies nouvelle, Rueil-Malmaison, v. 32, n, 1, p. 23-43, janv./févr. 1977.
FERNANDES, G.; DELLA PIAZZA, H. D. O. Potencial Oleogenítico da Formação Codó. Boletim Técnico da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, v. 1, n. 21, p. 3-16, mar. 1978.
FREEMAN, K. H.; HAYES, J. M. Fractionation of carbon isotopes by phytoplankton and estimates of ancient CO2 levels. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Washington, v. 6, n. 2, p. 185-198, June 1992.
FU, J.; GUOYING, S.; PINGAN, P.; BRASSELL, S. C.; EGLINTON, G.; JIGANG, J. Peculiarities of Salt Lake sediments as potential source rocks in China. Organic Geochemistry, Oxford, v. 10, n. 1-3, p. 119-126, 1986.
GÓES, A. M. O.; FEIJÓ, F. J.; Bacia do Parnaíba. Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, v. 8, n. 1, p. 57-67, mar. 1994.
GÓES, A. M.; ROSSETTI, D. F. Gênese da Bacia de São Luís-Grajaú, meio-norte do Brasil. In: ROSSETTI, D. F.; GOES, A. M.;
TRUCKENBRODT, W. (Ed.). O Cretáceo na Bacia de São Luís-Grajaú. Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 2001. p. 15-29.
HAYES, J. M. Factor controlling 13C contents of sedimentary organic compounds: principles and evidence. Marine Geology, Amsterdam, v. 113, n. 1-2, p. 111-125, July 1993.
HEDGES, J. I.; PARKER, P. L. Land-derived organic matter in surface sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, New York, v. 40, n. 9, p. 1019-1029, Sept. 1976.
HOLLANDER, D.; MCKENZIE, J. A. CO2 control on carbon isotope fractionation during aqueous photosynthesis: a paleo-CO2 barometer. Geology, Boulder, v. 19, n. 9, p. 929-932, Sept. 1991.
HOLLANDER, D. J.; MCKENZIE, J. A.; HSU, K. L.; HUC, A. Y. Application of a eutrophic lake model to the origin of ancient organic-carbon-rich sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Washington, v. 7, n. 1, p. 157-179, Mar. 1993.
HUANG, W. Y.; MEINSCHEIN, W. G. Sterols as ecological indicators. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, New York, v. 43, n. 5, p. 739-745, May 1979.
KOOPMANS, M. P.; RIJPSTRA, W. I. C.; KLAPWIJK, M. M.; DE LEEUW, J. W.; LEWAN, M. D.; SINNINGHE DAMSTÉ, J. S. A thermal and chemical degradation approach to decipher pristane and phytane precursors in sedimentary organic matter. Organic Geochemistry, Oxford, v. 30, n. 9, p. 1089-1104, Sept. 1999.
LIMA, E. A. A.; LEITE, J. F. Projeto Estudo Global dos Recursos Minerais da Bacia Sedimentar do Parnaíba: integração geológica-metalogenética. Recife: DNPM/CPRM, 1978. 16 v.
LINDOSO, R. M.; CARVALHO, I. D. S.; MENDES, I. D. Um isópode da Formação Codó (Aptiano da Bacia do Parnaíba), Nordeste do Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Geology, São Paulo, v. 43, n. 1, 16-21, Mar. 2013.
LINDOSO, R. M.; MAISEY, J.; CARVALHO, I. D. S. Ichthyofauna from the Codó Formation, Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, Parnaíba Basin), Northeastern Brazil and their paleobiogeographical and paleoecological significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Amsterdam, v. 447, p. 53-64, Apr. 2016.
MAISEY, J. G. Continental break up and the distribution of fishes of Western Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous. Cretaceous Research, Amsterdam, v. 21, n. 2-3, p. 281-314, Apr. 2000.
MALLORY, F. B.; GORDON, J. T.; CONNER, R. L. The isolation of a pentacyclic triterpenoid alcohol from a protozoan. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Washington, v. 85, n. 9, p. 1362-1363, May 1963.
MENDES, M. Análise estratigráfica do intervalo Formacional Grajaú-Codó (Aptiano) da Bacia do Parnaíba, NE do Brasil. 2007. 164 f. Dissertação (Mestrado)– Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2007.
MELLO, R. M.; MAXWELL, J. R. Organic geochemical and biological marker characterization of source rocks and oils derived from lacustrine environments in Brazilian continental margin. In: KATZ, B. J. (Ed.). Lacustrine Basin exploration: case studies and modern analogs. Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1990. p. 77-99. (AAPG Memoir, 50).
MELLO, M. R.; KOUTSOUKOS, E. A. M.; SANTOS NETO, E. V.; TELLES JUNIOR, A. C. Geochemical and micropaleontological characterization of lacustrine and marine hypersaline environments from Brazilian sedimentary basins. In: KATZ, B. J.; PRATT, L. M. (Ed.). Source rocks in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1993. p. 17-35. (AAPG Studies in Geology, 37).
MELLO, R. M.; TELNAES, N.; MAXWELL, J. R. The hydrocarbon source potential in the brazilian marginal basins: a geochemical and paleoenvironmental assessment. In: HUC, A. Y. (Ed.). Paleogeography, paleoclimate and source rocks. Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1995. p. 233-272. (AAPG Studies in Geology, 40).
MESNER, J. C.; WOOLDRIDGE, L. C. P. Estratigrafia das bacias paleozóica e cretácea do Maranhão. Boletim Técnico da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, v. 7, n. 2, p. 137-164, abr./jun. 1964.
MEYERS, P. A.; ISHIWATARI, R. Lacustrine organic geochemistry—an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Organic geochemistry, Oxford, v. 20, n. 7, p. 867-900, Sept. 1993.
MEYERS, P. A. Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes. Organic Geochemistry, Oxford, v. 27, n. 5-6, p. 213-250, Nov. 1997.
MOLDOWAN, J. M. C30-steranes, novel markers for marine petroleums and sedimentary rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, New York, v. 48, n. 12, p. 2767-2768, Dec. 1984.
NEVES, I. A. Caracterização paleoambiental da Formação Codó, Bacia do Parnaíba, através de técnicas palinofaciológicas. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE GEOLOGIA, 43., 2006, Aracaju. Anais... São Paulo: Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, 2006.
OLIVEIRA, D. C.; MOHRIAK, W. U. Jaibaras trough: an important element in the early tectonic evolution of the Parnaíba interior sag basin, Northern Brazil.Marine and Petroleum Geology, Amsterdam, v. 20, n. 3-4, p. 351-383, Mar./Apr. 2003.
PAZ, J. D. S.; ROSSETTI, D. F. Reconstrução paleo-ambiental da Formação Codó (Aptiano), borda leste da Bacia do Grajaú, MA. In: ROSSETTI, D. F.; GOES, A. M.; TRUCKENBRODT, W. (Org.). O cretáceo na Bacia de São Luís-Grajaú. Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 2001. p. 77-100.
PETERS, Kevin. The biomarker guide: biomarkers and isotopes in the petroleum exploration and earth history. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 2 v.
RAVEN, J. A.; JOHNSTON, A. M. Mechanisms of inorganic-carbon acquisition in marine phytoplankton and their implications for the use of other resources. Limnology and Oceanography, Kan-sas, v. 36, n. 8, p. 1701-1714, Dec. 1991.
REZENDE, W. M.; PAMPLONA, H. R. P. Estudo do desenvolvimento do Arco Ferrer-Urbano Santos. Boletim Técnico da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, v. 13, n.1-2, p. 5-14, jan./jun. 1970.
RODRIGUES, R. A Geoquímica Orgânica na Bacia do Parnaíba. 1995. 225 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,1995.
RODRIGUES, R.; PEREIRA, E.; BERGAMACHI, S.; ALFERES, C. L. F. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of organic matter; Irati Formation, Lower Permian of Paraná Basin. In: SOUTH AMERICAN SYMPOSIUM ON ISOTOPE GEOLOGY, 7. 2010 Brasília. Procee-dings… [S.l.: s.n.], 2010.
ROHRSSEN, M.; GILL, B. C.; LOVE, G. D. Scarcity of the C 30 sterane biomarker, 24-n-propylcholestane, in Lower Paleozoic marine paleoenvironments. Organic Geochemistry, Oxford, v. 80, p. 1-7, Mar. 2015.
ROSSETTI, D. F. Bacias sedimentares brasileiras: Bacia de São Luís Grajaú. Phoenix, Aracaju, v. 5, n. 58, out. 2003. Disponível em: http://www. phoenix.org.br/phoenix58_out03.htm. Acesso em: 03 jan. 2016.
SCHOELL, M.; HWANG, R. J.; CARLSON, R. M. K.; WELTON, J.E. Carbon isotopic composition of individual biomarkers in gilsonites (Utah). Organic Geochemistry, Oxford, v. 21, n. 6-7, p. 673-683, June/July 1994.
SCHWARK, L.; VLIEX, M.; SCHAEFFER, P. Geoche-mical characterization of Malm Zeta laminated carbonates from the Franconian Alb, SW-Germany (II). Organic Geochemistry, Oxford, v. 29, n. 8, p. 1921-1952, Dec. 1998.
TEN HAVEN, H. L.; DE LEEUW, J. W.; PEAKMAN, T. M.; MAXWELL, J. R. Anomalies in steroid and hopanoid maturity indices. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, New York, v. 50, n. 5, p. 853-855, May 1986.
TEN HAVEN, H. L.; DE LEEUW, J. W.; RULLKÖTTER, J.; SINNINGHE DAMSTÉ, J. S. Restricted utility of the pristane/phytane ratio as palaeoenvironmental indicator. Nature, London, v. 330, n. 6149, p. 641-643, Dec. 1987.
TEN HAVEN, H. L; ROHMER, M.; RULLKÖTTER, J.; BISSERET, P. Tetrahymanol, the most likely precursor of gammacerane occurs ubiquitously in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, New York, v. 53, n. 11, p. 3073-3079, Nov. 1989.
VAZ, P. T.; REZENDE, N. G. A. M.; WANDERLEY FILHO, J. R.; TRAVASSOS, W. A. S. Bacia do Parnaíba. Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, v. 15, n. 2, p. 253-263, maio/nov. 2007.
VOLKMAN, J. K.; MAXWELL, J. R. Acyclic isoprenoids as biological markers: In: JOHNS, R. B. (Ed.). Biological markers in the sedimentary record. New York: Elsevier, 1986. p. 1-42.
WAPLES, D. W.; MACHIHARA, T. Biomarkers for geologists: a practical guide to the application of steranes and triterpanes in petroleum geology. Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geolo-gists, 1991. 91 p. (AAPG Methods in Exploration, 9),
